IT Professional Job Description - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1732 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/02/20 Category Career Essay Level High school Topics: My Dream Job Essay Did you like this example? My dream job is to become an IT professional to work with the great company Google. Advancements in the field of technology have changed the manner in which individuals undertake their day to day activities. Technology has changed the way people communicate as well as the style in which people travel from one place to another. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "IT Professional Job Description" essay for you Create order One of the significant applications technology is in the workplace where computers are used to record, process and store data. Moreover, computer programs have been developed to help organizations in the management of their employees as well as other business partners and suppliers. It points out that technology has played a significant role in improving the efficiency and productivity of various business processes and activities, (Hauff Gousios, 2015, May). I believe that as an IT professional, I will be in a better position to find useful and sustainable solutions to the challenges facing the industry as well as the recurring human needs. The nature of the work done by IT professionals involves the use of computer and other computer-based systems. The job, therefore, requires one to have skills in the software as well as hardware aspect of computers. It is also essential for the individual to be well conversant with the various languages used in the programming of computer software. A software engineer’s job varies according to the demands of the business or organization. The job description for an IT Engineer include the following; Computer programming controls which are used to activate machinery in manufacturing industries. Working with a business analyst to develop a project development plan. Setting up new IT system. Modifying IT systems already in use. Building administrative and database systems for offices. Writing documentation, developing code. Programming a test model of a piece of software. Testing the model for compatibility and installation problems. Analyzing test results and fixing any technical problems that arise through the test. Installing a complete version of the software and testing the software again before it is ready for use. Testing and operating software once it is up and running. Fixing any problems that arise with the software when it is in use. Advising clients on the new software. Compensation package and benefits package IT professionals play a critical role in the organization as they are involved in the most of the organization processes that are undertaken through computer systems. Computer software engineers apply the principles and techniques of computer science, engineering, and mathematical analysis to the design, development, testing, and evaluation of the software and the systems that enable computers to perform many applications. For this reason, it is therefore essential to ensure that the organization can offer the position an attractive job description as well as an attractive compensation package, (Ehlers, 2015, May). The move will see to it that the organization can attract the best talents in the IT fields. Having a talented IT team is vital to ensure that the organization can keep up with the current trends and improvements in the IT industry thus improving on the overall productivity of the IT department as well as that of the organization as a whole. Moreover, a competitive compens ation package will also see to it that the existing employees of the organization feel comfortable working for the organization by providing additional benefits and bonuses. It is important to recognize that the United States is among the learning countries with the best paying software engineering jobs. The job position will attract compensation in the form of monthly salary in addition to other benefits. The average salary for an application software developer is $93,000, with only 10% of such developers making more than $139,000 in salary. Then, any Google engineer making $3 million per year is getting most of that in bonuses or stock. In addition to the net pay, the software engineer will also be entitled to the various benefit which is aimed at improving the employees overall well being thus increasing their jobs satisfaction as well as productivity. The benefits include house allowance, entertainment allowance, a flexible company funded mortgage plans, family cover, and travel allowances. Other benefits of the job position include access to company cars as well as access to company learning the material on current trends in the software engineering field. The individual will have access to state of the art computer systems which will significantly improve their knowledge and skills regarding software engineering. The nature of work undertaken by software engineers requires them to be well informed about cybersecurity issues. Therefore, the software engineer will also be entitled to continuous training on current as well as emerging issues in the programming, cybersecurity and the technology industry as a whole. Last but not least, the individual will also be working with a team of well trained and experienced professionals in the IT industry, (Bhattacharyya, 2015). As a mid-level job position, working within the group will significantly help the software engineer to understand more of the intricacies of software engineering. The rationale for the compensation package Having a competitive compensation plan will see to it that the organization can stand out from its competitors in the job market. Moreover, the employees of the organization will also feel that they are most valued by the organization, and as such, they will work hard to meet the goals and objectives of the organization. To being with, the net salary is higher than the average annual salary for software engineers in the United States. What this means is that the organization will be able to attract a vast pool of qualified software engineers thus being in better position to settle for the most suitable candidate. Also, the benefits added to the salary are aimed at making the job more attractive to the potential candidates, (Ehlers, 2015, May). As such, more qualified individuals who are already working for other organizations can consider joining this particular organization. Research has also shown that employees with better remuneration packages are not only more motivated for their work but even more satisfied with their jobs. As the most significant assets of the organization, it is the employees who are tasked with the responsibility of making the organization realize the desired success. According to Ehlers (2015) when the employees are well paid compared to the other major competitors of the business in the market, then the employees will focus on their work entirely thus giving the desired organizational outcomes. Otherwise, the employees may become dissatisfied with their work as they seek to join companies that promise to offer them more attractive compensation packages and benefits. In the end, the organization will also be able to effectively deal with the employee turn over challenges which threatens the success and sustainability of the organization in the short as well as long run. The Performance Appraisal Program Performance appraisal programs are developed base on the how employers perceive or desire their employee to undertake their duties and responsibilities. The program is also useful in helping employers identify the specific skills, talents as well as abilities of the employees. What this means is that performance appraisal helps the organization to develop its employees for the future duties and responsibilities within the organization. Various performance appraisal techniques have been developed, and the decision to use a particular method will depend on the desired outcomes by the individuals administering the evaluation. A capable performance appraisal system is one which has been well designed and constructed to assess the performance as well as the work relationships between the employees within the organization, (Chatterjee, 2017). Moreover, it is also essential for the program to be straightforward to ensure that the measurements are directly linked to positive outcomes for the organization as a whole. The performance appraisal will be used for the above job position includes supervisor evaluation as well as self-evaluation of the software engineer. The supervisor evaluation will involve the assessment of the employee by the supervisor. The nature of the relationship between the employee and the supervisor means that this will present an opportunity for two-way feedback. That is, feedback from the supervisor on the performance of the employee as well as input from the employee on the performance of the supervisor. The supervisor will rate the performance of the employees as very poor, needy, fair, reasonable, exemplary as presented by, (Chatterjee, 2017). On the other hand, the self-evaluation will enable the IT professional to assess how he or she is performing her job based on the job description of the position. It is an opportunity to present the supervisor and the employee to interact during appraisal exercise. The Rational for the Performance Appraisal Program The goal of the performance appraisal is to ensure that the organization can understand the strengths and weaknesses of the employees. The information plays a significant role in helping the management in the decision-making process within the organization such as tagging the employees that would work best together. The two performance appraisal techniques were settled for because the will offer the organization as well as the employees the benefits that will translate into organizational success. It is because the results from the two assessments will give comprehensive information from two sources. The manager will be able to understand the employee from his or her perspective as well as from the standpoint of their supervisor who watches them undertake their duties and responsibilities on a daily basis throughout the workdays, (Foster, 2014). The use of the supervisor evaluation will be an effective way getting to know whether or not the IT specialist is a team player. Since the supervisor manages the activities of the employees, they will be in a better position to say whether not the employee follows directives from the superiors, adheres to the set laws and regulations among other issues that require compliance. Moreover, the review of the supervisors by the employees can be done anonymously to ensure that the employees feel free, to be frank with the information they present in the assessment exercise. Last but not least, it is also imperative to mention that the supervisor evaluation also offers an opportunity for the supervisors to listen to the employees when they are giving their opinion or concerns regarding the issues that they are facing while undertaking their duties and responsibilities. The supervisors will also be in a position to serve the employees much better as they will be able to see thing from the em ployee’s perspective as argued by Foster (2014).

A Language of Love Essay - 1681 Words

A Language of Love I was nine years old when my family purchased its first television set. The year was 1968 and the popular series â€Å"Lost In Space† was in its final season on prime time T.V. I loved â€Å"Lost In Space† and avidly followed the adventures of the Robinson family through years of afternoon reruns. My sisters teased me about having a crush on Billy Mumy, the young actor who played Will Robinson. This charge infuriated and puzzled me. It infuriated me because I knew it wasn’t true, but it puzzled me because I recognized a seed of truth in their teasing. It was many years before I was able to articulate what that truth was: I didn’t have a crush on Billy Mumy. I had a crush on Angela Cartwright, the actress who played Penny.†¦show more content†¦We must continue to search for ways to make an â€Å"other† sexual orientation acceptable. And we need to do it long before our children reach the emotional minefield of adolescence. I suggest that i t is the responsibility of every thinking, caring adult to examine her own heterosexist assumptions and to make visible for her children the wide range of romantic expression that exists. I had lunch recently with my young son at his elementary school. The children tend to segregate themselves into the â€Å"boys† and the â€Å"girls† tables, although some overlap occurs. Another parent, seated with the boys, asked the children, â€Å"How many of you want to sit at the girls’ table?† His question was answered with a chorus of boos and vociferous â€Å"no†s, although not all the boys joined in. â€Å"Well,† this parent said, smiling, â€Å"I’ll ask you again in high school. You’ll all want to sit at the girls’ table then!† If current statistics about homosexuality are right, one of the ten boys at the table will not want to sit with the girls, at least not for the reason this well-meaning parent assumes. In his unconscious reflection of heterosexist values, this man is denying the experience one of those impressionable children will have. Which child will it be that grows up with his feelings invalidated and unnamed? Will it be this father’s own child? Will it be mine? It is difficult for theShow MoreRelatedEssay On Love Languages1707 Words   |  7 PagesLove Languages Today, I will be explaining the five basic forms of love languages. They are: physical touch, act of service, words of affirmation, quality time, and receiving gifts. They each represent different characteristics of love people use in a relationship. Some may be used more than others. This is depending on the type of person you are as well as, the person you are in a relationship with. They have a survey that a person can take that explain the type of loving person you are. This surveyRead MoreThe Love Languages Of The Children1860 Words   |  8 Pages It is a universal truth that we all need love in our lives. 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Partnership Dissolved Automatically

Question: Discuss about the Partnership Dissolved Automatically. Answer: Introduction: A partnership can be formed when two or more people are involved. These can be either general or limited. There should be valid agreement that has to be formed between the parties. There is a mutuality of the rights. An agency is established in a partnership. Various interests and obligations are held by the partners towards each other. A business is to be carried on which is to be opposed to an isolated transaction. In a partnership, there should be a joint ownership. The partners have to share with each other the gross returns. This sharing would be done according to their share in the business. A partnership can be dissolved by various ways. It can be through the action of the partners. The partners death can be one way. If the purpose of the partnership is not legal then also the partnership can be dissolved automatically. Even courts can dissolve it on the application of either of the parties. A partnership is not perpetual that is, it would be dissolved if any of the partners d ies. The business name is to be decided. If the personal name is kept for the partnership then no registration is required. It is however required to get the business name required. A separate tax file number is allotted to each of the partnerships. This refers to an Australian Business number. If people are employed in a partnership then various kinds of responsibilities would have to be fulfilled. These are such as including the employee payroll tax.[1]One of the most basic motives of the formation of a partnership is to earn a profit. Each of the partners has been allowed by law to participate in the management of the company. A partnership does not have a separate entity from its partners.[2] That means no legal entity has been granted to it by law. Attributes of a company A company has a separate legal entity. It is created by a charter or legislation. A corporation sole a kind of a company and has been recognized by the Australian law. One minimum shareholder or director is required. At least one director, who is a resident of Australia, should be present in each company. An annual audit is required to be carried out in every company. A proprietary limited company is the one which has a suffix pvt. ltd after the name of the company. This company cannot raise any capital from the general public by way of shares.[3] The shareholders liability is limited by various ways. It can be limited by way of a guarantee. The duties of the directors comprises of loyalty and the duty of care. They have to look after the interests of the company. They are accountable to the various stakeholders of a company. Full disclosure needs to be given by the directors if they have some interest matter in the transaction that is to take place in a company. Selling of shares of a company can be one way of transferring the ownership in a company. The taxation rates for a company are more favorable. A full foreign ownership in case of a company has been permitted by the Australian law. A company is perpetual in succession as the company is not affected by the death of any directors as it is a separate legal entity. Also, the profits which the company earns can be repatriated. Corporate governance is one of the matters which can be included in the scope of the duties of the directors. A company generally has a wider access to large capital. Also, it is easier for a company to widen its skill base. Advice for Pat and Helen In the light of the attributes stated above, Pat and Helen should start off as a partnership firm as regards to the ease of formation and registration. With minimal legal formalities required, the partnership can come into existence. Once they are stable in the market and also need credibility then they can opt for registering as a company. Difference between the liability of a partner in a partnership and a director of a company If the costs are incurred in a partnership then the liability of the partners is significantly large or unlimited. Every partner is in himself a principal and an agent in a partnership. In case, the partners act in a negligent manner, then their liability would be joint and several. This happens majorly in cases where there is no indemnity insurance. Each of the partners is responsible in the legal capacity and also in his financial capacity too. The major cause of problem for the partners arises when one of the partners faces insolvency. The director would be liable for the debts which are incurred on behalf of the company.[4] Also the directors, if comply with all the obligations, their liability would be limited to the extent that they would not be held personally liable for the debts or costs incurred. In breach of any directors duty, he may be liable personally. Scallop fishing in the waters of New SouthWales Scallop fishing in the New South Wales is dependent on the system of quotas. Scallops are known to be the bivalve molluscs that that are laid unattached. These are attached to the seabed and also fed by the plankton. They can also swim in an active manner. Most of the times, the adults are sedentary. Basically King scallops are the ones that can be distributed through the Southern Australia. It means that these are caught from the waters of New South Wales. This fishing of the commercial scallop is basically undertaken in the New South Wales in the month of May and October. Approximately, 175.8 tonnes of scallops are harvested between July to June.[6] Issue The issue in this question has arisen as to the quota of the scallop fishing given to a person fishing the same in the New South Wales and the quota given to a company for fishing scallops.[7] Rule The rule used in the question would the Scallop Fishing and Marketing Act. The fisheries legislation which is the Fisheries Management Act, 1994 is the legislation which is used in the New South Wales. This legislation came from the Fisheries and Oyster Farms Act, 1935. Most of the provisions of this old Act were carried forward to the new Act. The Corporations Act, 2001 seeks to state the fact that a company being a separate legal entity has the powers of its own. A company being an entity with a totally separate existence and owns a distinct entity with powers such as disposal of the property. It has the powers of that of an individual. The companies can also enter into contracts on their behalf.[8] Application The application of this rule in the present situation can be analyzed from the fact that licenses are given under this new Act to the ones who want to fish scallop. The licenses are given for fishing and are made renewable. If the provisions of the Act are breached then these licenses are taken back.[9] Once, a minor fishery for the fishing of the P. fumatus was upheld in the New South Wales waters. It was managed in the form of the limited entry drive fishery. This fishery had allowed the 4 licensed operators which had helped in producing very small amounts of scallop. These fisheries of New South Wales are a fishery that is highly intermittent. These are managed on the basis of needs of the people. However, this had happened in the past. This is not the case now. The quota as have been fixed now on the basis of the one size fits all approach.[10] A company is treated as having a separate existence from its owners. This rule pervades the company law. In the case of Soloman vs. Solom an, (1896)[11] this principle has been fairly illustrated. It was stated that a company has an independent existence[12]. Therefore in the present case this issue can be solved with the help of the rule of separate legal entity. For example if a person is allowed under the laws of the New South Wales to fish scallop of around 55 tonnes then if registered as a company, then the company would be allowed to fish scallop of around 110 tonnes. Conclusion The conclusion of this issue is that proper quotas have been made.[13] The fishing of the scallops is one of the key components of the management. The spatial management of this scallop is crucial. The strategy of the one size fits all approach is that it is based on the limit reference point which is applied to the quotas of each of the fisheries. The separate legal entity principle is one of the principles which are fundamental to the company law. This is applied on a global basis. A company is treated as having a separate existence from its owners. This rule pervades the company law. Therefore, the advice given by the son in this case is correct as the company can fish double the amount the scallop which an individual person can fish. Bibliography Sandra E. Shumway and G. Jay Parsons, Scallops: Biology, Ecology, Aquaculture, and Fisheries Elsevier (3rd edn., Elsevier 2016)1127 Australasian Legal Information Institute, Corporations Act 2001 - Sect 1.5.1(2017) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/ca2001172/s1.5.1.html Australasian Legal Information Institute, Corporations Law - Part 1.5 -- Small Business Guide (2017) https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/repealed_act/cl184/sbg.html Australian Fisheries Management Authority, Bass Strait Central Zone Scallop Fishery(2016) https://www.afma.gov.au/fisheries/bass-strait-central-zone-scallop-fishery/ Australian Government, Assessment of the South Australian Scallop and Turbo Fisheries(2007) https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/pages/7b6655ed-9172-471f-9d78-037c180f2827/files/report-07.pdf Avv. Serena de Palma, Salomon V Salomon Co [U.K. 1897](2017) https://www00.unibg.it/dati/corsi/65081/62134-Salomon%20v%20Salomon%20%20Co.pdf. Business Victoria, Company (2016) https://www.business.vic.gov.au/setting-up-a-business/business-structure/company Business, Can I be personally liable for debts of the business or company?(2016) https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/business-structure/change-business-structure/sole-trader-to-a-company/what-could-i-be-personally-liable-for-as-a-sole-trader-vs-a-company-director/can-i-be-personally-liable-for-debts-of-the-business-or-company Chad, 5 situations where a company Director could be personally liable for its debts(2015) https://rapseygriffiths.com.au/director-liable-compadebts-insolvency-newcastle-nsw/ FAO Corporate Document Repository , Part II: Fisheries Rights In Legislation(2017) https://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5672e/y5672e05.htm Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Country Note On Fisheries Management Systems Australia(2017) https://www.oecd.org/australia/34427707.pdf Tasmanian Government, Company - advantages and disadvantages(2015) https://www.business.tas.gov.au/starting-a-business/choosing-a-business-structure-intro/proprietary-company-advantages-and-disadvantages

The Ghost Of Hamlets Father Essays - Characters In Hamlet, Fiction

The Ghost Of Hamlet's Father In William Shakespeares Hamlet, the ghost of Hamlets father appears very briefly. However, he provides the basis for the development and eventual downfall of Hamlets character. The play begins with a dismal Hamlet mourning his fathers death Recognizing this gloom, Queen Gertrude urges Hamlet to cast thy nighted color off, and let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark (I, ii, 68-69). Soon after, the ghost appears, insisting, If thou didst ever thy father love, revenge his foul and most unnatural murder (I, v, 24-25). As Hamlet decides to scourge the past and present evils in Denmark, the ghost unleashes death and malice onto the stage. The first and most obvious change which the ghost instills into Hamlet is a vengeful spirit. Not only must Hamlet destroy Claudius, but he must also stop Fortinbras from invading Denmark. Although less obvious, the second task can be inferred from the fact that the ghost appears wearing the very armor he had on when he the ambitious Norway combated (I, i, 60-61). Hamlet spends the entire play trying to carry out these orders, eventually causing the downfall of his spirit. Partly because he feels reserve and guilt for his task, Hamlet delays taking action throughout the play. However, this paradoxical delay only makes Hamlet feel more guilty. He questions his self-worth and even considers suicide, pondering, To die -- to sleep -- no more; and by a sleep to say we end the heartache and the thousand natural shocks that flesh is heir to (III, i, 60-63). He cannot accept the goodness of life or destroy its evils. Because of the ghosts words, Hamlet also becomes increasingly concerned with his mothers sexual relations with his uncle. In his first appearance to Hamlet, the ghost insults his brother saying, Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast... O wicked wit and gifts, that have the power so to seduce!--won to his shameful lust the will of my most seeming-virtuous queen (I, v, 42-45). Hamlet, adopting this malicious spirit, later responds to the ghost with a fervent, O most pernicious woman! O villain, villain, smiling, damned villain (I, v, 105-106). Hamlet now has a valid reason to be disgusted with both his uncle and his mother and proceeds to confront his mother on this incestual issue. He does this by comparing his father, a combination and a form indeed which every god did seem to set his seal to give the world assurance of a man (III, iv, 61-63), to his uncle, a mildewed ear blasting his wholesome brother (III, iv, 65). Hamlet focuses on a minute and inconsequential part of avenging his fathers murder; thus, he delays action even more. The ghost also induces Hamlets preoccupation with death and decay, seen through Hamlets many allusions to the subject. Hamlet makes puns involving death: Your worm is your only emperor for diet. We fat all creatures else to fat us, and we fat ourselves for maggots. Your fat king and your lean beggar is but variable service-two dishes, but to one table (IV, iii, 21-24). He ponders and foresees death: I see the imminent death of twenty thousand men that for a fantasy and trick of fame go to their graves like beds... O from this time forth, my thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth (IV, iv, 60-66). Hamlet even seems fascinated by death: That skull had a tongue in it, and could sing once... That might be the pate of a politician... might it not? (V, i, 67-71). We can assume that Hamlet was not previously obsessed and intrigued by death and decay. However, with the ghosts appearance, and with his increasing feelings of guilt, Hamlet becomes more macabre and (covertly) depressed. The ghost ultimately causes Hamlets destruction by requiring that his son avenge his death. The ghost also causes Hamlets feelings of self-doubt and guilt thanks to Hamlets procrastination -- he never even reaches the task of stopping Fortinbras -- and to his somewhat incestual preoccupation with his mothers and uncles relationship. The ghosts influence wrenches Hamlets spirit out of its normal frame so that he destroys himself while simultaneously destroying his enemies. Shakespeare

Legalization Of Marijuana Essays (186 words) - Cannabis,

Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization of medical marijuana This act may be cited as the " legalization of marijuana" Sec. 1 This bill will be for the well being of the pain stricken patients in our nation's hospitals, a doctor that will decide if a patient is illegible to receive marijuana. Sec. 2 Patients will only be permitted to get their marijuana at a hospital or a licensed distributor. Sec. 3 The patient's will have to buy the marijuana at a discount from the hospital, or distributor using their own money or if they're health care will cover the treatment. The discount will be 1/8 of the current street price on pure marijuana. The government will grow their own marijuana in a dis-closed location for security reasons. Sec.4 The Federal Drug Administration will monitor the distribution and handling of the medical marijuana Sec.5 This law will take affect 1 year after it is ratified due to the long periods of time needed to locate, distribute and grow this marijuana. Case that needs this treatment now will be allowed the first dosage that becomes available. Bibliography www.Infoseek.com/top ten killers in the United States www.yahoo.com/me-marijuana www.yahoo.com/marijuana

Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Example

Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Example Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Tess of the dUrbervilles as a Tragedy Essay Essay Topic: Literature Although there is a tendency in 20th century writers, and literary critics, to approach tragedy as a high and daunting ideal, to attempt a tragedy in the 19th century was a frequent undertaking, and it is not surprising that, given Hardys brooding and unflinching intellect, the genre has a powerful presence in his stories. If his success is finest and most subtle n tragedy, he had attempted and succeeded before, and his experiments continued after Tess of the dUrbervilles. Hardy came to the writing of Tess of the dUrbervilles with a full head of steam after deciding about six years earlier that Wessex was his subject and tragedy his genre, and in the midst of a reading and thinking program that made him aware of the latest developments in late-Victorian intellectual cogitation. Some of the events associated with the cogitations of that age are social and monetary exploitation of down-and-out peasantry by nouveau riche gentry, terrorism by arrogance, intellectual adventures without a clear sense of purpose or of social obligation; larger social, industrial and agricultural movements that proceed without concern for those persons most materially and physically viscerally affected (threshers, Swede diggers); the vacuity and haplessness of social agencies such as the Church presumably set up to help those in need, but which instead work doctrinally and careeristically, and neo-complexity of all, relativism and subjectivity. An interesting speculation might be whether these concepts in humanistic terms so admirable and desirable might not be ultimately responsible for the suffering of such people as Tess, who are not able to incorporate such complexities into the mundane ness of their conceptions and ambitions. First of all, the course events Tess undergoes may be considered. Tess is the eldest daughter of John Durbyfield. But later on it is discovered that they are actually descendents of the once famous knight DUrbervilles. Poor parents of Tess send her to the DUrbervilles who are actually stokes and member of the nouveau riche gentry to claim kin with them and thus, if possible, to improve their lot. But there she is seduced by Alec DUrberville and after she returns, she gives birth to a child, who dies within a few days. Then for the second time, she goes out for employment to Tallothays dairy where she is in love with Angel Clare and subsequently married to her. But on her wedding night she is deserted by Clare, and again has to go to Flintcomb Ash for work. There again she comes across Alec, who is relentlessly pursuing for her body. In the meantime Angel leave for Brazil. Tess gives her consent to live with Alec as her mistress, the reason being her familys hard up situation. Angel at last realizes his fault and returns from Brazil. Tess murders Alec, is united with Angel and within a few days is captured by the police and towards the end she is sentenced to death. As has already been pointed out that there are several aspects of the tragedy of Tess: social, individual, historical and intellectual. Arnold Kettle, the veteran Marxist critic, figure among those who are interested in the social aspect of Tesss tragedy. According to him, Tesss story, though a poignant individual case history, would not have become so famous if it were no more than that. The history and geographical background of southern England are not just a necessary background to Tesss story, they are integral to it, entering at every turn and level into the essence of the situation that Hardy describes. It is evident in the course of Tess of the dUrbervilles that industrial invasion from the northern England is posing a serious threat to southern England, the place where Tess and people of her likes live. Industrialization is destroying the social fabric of the organic community of the south. The traditional land owning class is at stake by the newly rich tradesmen, who are at least partly represented by Angel. Sifting of people from country owing to lack of employment is also happening. Tess and girls of her like are vulnerable. They are seduced by people like Alec. Arnold Kettle concludes, saying that if David Copperfield is every fathers child abused by an unkind stepfather, Tess is every innocent but ruined woman. The author himself Hardy seems to be interested in the historical perspective of Tess of the dUrbervilles. Tess is a daughter of the once influential DUrbervilles. Violence was a part of the life of the DUrbervilles and when they were extremely powerful they used to abuse young women. But history repeats itself, and there is also a bitter irony of it. Today, Tess, the descendent of the ancient DUrbervilles is abused by others. History is repeating itself but only the role has been reversed. How eloquent the irony of history is! In chapter 59, it is mentioned that . he dUrbervilles knights and dames slept on in their tombs unknowing. This famous statement, added in revision, underscores the centrality to the novel of the ancient DUrbervilles. Hardy has a serious use for the ancient family a reminder both of time and of cyclic occurrence but also f the irrelevance of the DUrbervilles in the modern world. The individual and intellectual aspects interpenetrate and overlap with each other. Tesss tragedy has both its individual and intellectual aspects. The foundation of Hardys idea of tragedy of the individual pervades the novel. Although now Tess is simply a maiden and perhaps his DUrberville background is also of little importance. But yet she is an individual whose distinction from other country girls can be marked in many events. Tesss skin is as sumple as a duchesss. It indicates that her complexion is one of her significant aspect. Hardy, the narrator, has mentioned that Tess uses two dialects one at home to converse with her mother and another, which is more standard and modified top converse with outsiders. This is clearly a distinction from other country girls. In this respect it is also significant that she has read up to the sixth standard at a school and she nurtured the hope of becoming a school teacher. Tesss sense of dignity demarcates her from the rest of the country girls. When the country folk make fun of her father she retorts. There is another aspect in her character which is probably uncommon in a male dominated society. She is always ready to take the responsibility of anything related to the fortune of her family whether it be the death of their horse, Prince or the responsibility to ensure financial sufficiency for the family. Her mother has a special liking for music and she can memorize any tune after listening to it only once. This has influenced Tess. The most significant trait in her character is that she is able to make such reflections as to amuse even Angel. He tells her that she reflects on such issues which are in keeping with the ache of modernism. An American critic, Dale Kramer, while commenting on Tesss character, has said that there is a contradiction in her character; she is a combination of mundane ness and extraordinariness. We might wish to follow a different track. Tess, on the superficial level, may appear mundane, but in reality, compared to others and given so many traits of her character, she is obviously extraordinary. In this respect what D. H. Lawrence says is unforgettable, Tess is passive out of self-acceptance, a true aristocratic quality, amounting almost to self-indifference. She knows she is herself This is a rare quality, even in a woman. And in a civilization so unequal, it is almost a weakness. This is the essence of Tesss tragedy. She is so aristocratic that she can only help, she can never be helped. Both Alec and Angel do her harm. To Alec she made a confused surrender. She discovers that she does not love him, she returns home. The chief problem of Tess if that she is looking for an identity which will fit her. It is in Angel that she finds it. But, unfortunately enough, Angle cannot detect this. He, who is a student of something and everything, has, at the beginning, loved only an image in Tess, not her real self. As soon as the image disappeared, he deserted her. It is only after a long course of sojourn in Brazil that he comes to realize his fault. But it is too late. In the seventh phase, Tess got her identity and that is her union with Angel and now she is ready to die, since she has achieved her fulfillment the peak of her prosperity. In her relationship with Angel, love is the main stimulus. But Angel cannot realize it. He cannot discover the depth of Tess love, nor its honesty. So he also suffers. She kills Alec because he was an obstacle a man between Angel and herself in the way to achieving her identity. This killing is a heroic deed, no doubt, if we consider the reason behind it. Tess assumes a heroic grandeur when she utters in Chapter 58, What must come will come. Upon awakening at Stonehenge to find police there, she echoes Aeschylus in saying, It is as it should be (Chapter 59) and also in her last words in the novel, I am ready. (Chapter 59) Towards the end Hardy provides a context for Tesss climactic suffering and tragedy obviously, directly associating his rural, quotidian sufferer with the mythological Ixion being punished in hell by being tied to a revolving wheel. (It is interesting that the Ixonean wheel is one of Schopenhauers favorite classical images. ) Society has contributed much to Tesss tragedy. It is always hostile to aristocrats of Tesss like. Hardy, Tesss creator, and perhaps only a few sensitive readers will realize the degree of cruelty and harshness committed against Tess, who is held with high esteem in their hearts, Poor wounded name! My bosom as a bed shall lodge thee.

Choose and discuss two images of Jesus from the New Testament. What is Essay

Choose and discuss two images of Jesus from the New Testament. What is their relevance today - Essay Example From the dictionary definition a shepherd is someone who looks after the herd of sheep by guarding and tending them. A shepherd is someone tasked to lead the herd of sheep in the safest and abundant place. It is necessary for the herd of sheep to be tended in the green pasture with a fresh source of water flowing in abundance. In this way, the herd of sheep will survive and they are given all the essentials they need. The psalm of David in chapter 23 describes God as shepherd full of righteousness. God is revealed by David as a good Shepherd, and since Jesus is the Son of God (John 3:16), it is implied that the Son and the Father have the same characteristics and they are working together for one common good and that is salvation of the humanity from eternal condemnation (Matthew 1: 18-21). In John 10:14, Jesus said he is a good shepherd and part of being such is to know his people and his people to him. He sacrificed his life for the humanity to bring salvation to all. Jesus has great compassion for the people of God. Such compassion can be clearly defined by the great love Jesus is willing to give for the humanity. He gave up his life for the humanity and such is the great manifestation of his universal and unconditional love. The image of Jesus as the Good Shepherd depicts the meaning of a good servant and a leader. Being a good servant or a leader therefore requires following Jesus as far as biblical principles are deemed important. In fact, being a Christian means following Jesus whatever the cost may be. A Christian minister can be considered a shepherd because of the responsibility to care for and guide a group of people in the ministry. Jesus as the Good Shepherd is therefore a remarkable model of every Christian minister who is responsible to lead the beloved people of God. The herd of sheep is the people of God who need spiritual leader to give them guidance, protection and

Guatemalan civil war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Guatemalan civil war - Essay Example Guatemalan civil war It is important to undertake a critical investigation into the cause-effect of this civil war and the input of cultural structure of Latin America in this war (Natella 176). Many scholars have explored the cultural factors within the context of Latin America region and how this contributed to the long standing economic oppression and political instability that was the order of the day in Guatemala from early 1960s. Political structure is always derived from the traditions of any community in their ancient socio-political organization and the way of governance and culture of loyalty defines success of any leadership. It would equally be important to consider the foreign influence into the civil war and what they sought to gain. It is also worth to take a look at the community that suffered the full brunt of this civil war and the consequences this had on its relationship with the governing authority to date. Maya community and Indians were particularly tortured, displaced and killed. Further inquiry would also be important in regard to the civil war’s contribution towards present day modernization and democratization and its cost in Guatemala. Critical analysis of the civil war in Guatemala indicates that there were real social problems that compelled some people to revolt against the government. . Research findings establish that there was massive oppression, widespread racism and mass violence which left many people displaced, maimed and killed. The question that many people would ask is the relationship that existed between the government of the day and its citizens in regard to the violent clashes between Neoliberal and Leftist (Coerver, et al.259). To answer this question, it would be important to find the other factors that contributed to this historic civil war almost likened to genocide. United States had a hand in the clashes through their push for capitalism in Latin America. It is therefore evident that there involvement fuelled the problem and explains its length of existence I terms of years. They supplied the government military wing with resources that were used against the leftists. This was a tactical approach towards forcing the citizens to adhere to the government oppressive economic ideologies and promote their interest in the country. This explains the US installation of Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas by Central intelligence agency against the democratically-elected president, Jacobo Arbenz. The later was considered communist threat and acted in the interest of the citizens. At the height of confrontation between the leftist and the government forces, the citizens suffered more in many ways and this soured their relationship with the government between 1960’s and the 1990s (Davies and Fredric 211). Government sought to favor foreigners by taking local people’s land and allocating to the foreigners, dividing to political cronies and completely ignored the plight of common citizens through autocratic leadership. The leftist represented the people as they fought to regain lost property to the dictatorial governments. The neoliberal forces were for the idea of capitalism that promoted extremes in form of wealth and poverty and therefore got much hatred from the citizens. Despite several negotiations and international community’s intervention in Guatemala crisis, citizens still had no confidence in the government and its socio-economic and political pursuits. It is important to note that

America in the XXs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

America in the XXs - Essay Example and the massive depression from 1893-1897 which convinced many that equal opportunity was out of reach for Americans (The Progressive Era 1). Progressives strongly advocated the Efficiency Movement which argues that all sectors of the economy, society, and government were contributors to waste and efficiency. Thus, progressives assumed that "anything old was encrusted with inefficient and useless practices" and advocated the eradication of the eradication of the problems mentioned above. They implemented changes in all policies at every level of society, economy, and government. Their effort brought fruits as the movement reaped success at the local, stated and national levels (The Progressive Era 3). The Progressives are predominantly members of the new middle class which are composed of young professionals. Their thrust is the application of principles of professions to problems plaguing the society, having a strong faith in progress and the ability of educated people to overcome problems, and establishment of volunteer organizations to address issues. Journalists also joined the movement by attacking and exposing corruption. Political reformers showed their opposition to traditional party politics while socialists composed mostly of frustrated workers vowed to totally eradicate capitalism. Women also showed their contribution to the Progressive Era by proving their values as social workers. Together with the other progressives, they pushed for justice, general equality, and public safety (Feldmeth 3). In terms of politics, the most famous national figures were Republicans Theodore Roosevelt and Rober LaFollette and Democrats William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson. Theodore Roosevelt was as a president which used his position to lead and fight against those he felt were not acting in America's best interest. Among the most important reforms in the Progressive Era were Prohibition with the 18th Amendment and woman's suffrage through to the Nineteenth Amendment (The Progressive Era 5). The establishment of the Initiative, Referendum, Recall was created by some states led by California, Wisconsin, and Oregon to "enable the citizenry to rule more directly and circumvent political bosses (The Progressive Era 5)." Huge developments notably the usage of Primary elections and establishments of municipal reference bureaus to study budget and administrative structures of local government. America and the Great War America formally entered the Great War on April 6, 1917 when it joined its Allies-Britain, France, and Russia. The US was previously unconvinced to engaged in the World War I. However, Americans were enraged when a German submarine sunk the Lusitania, a British luxury ship killing 128 aboard. Thus, many Americans urged then President Wilson to join the war (Dowling 1-4). The Allies expected that the

Principles And Misconceptions In Interpersonal Communication Education Essay

Principles And Misconceptions In Interpersonal Communication Education Essay This paper discusses about final paper communication with interpersonal relationships. It also addresses the five concepts that were most important for the successful communication with interpersonal relationships. This paper details the brief discussion about the communication with interpersonal relationships in the organization. It also provides the critical thought to communication with the selected five concepts and also examines about these five concepts to the successful of communication with the interpersonal relationships. This paper concludes with this final paper by providing the effective supporting points to the successful communication with interpersonal relationships. Introduction The interpersonal communication was tool for the successful of organizational products and services. One way of defining interpersonal communication was to compare it to other forms of communication. The interpersonal communication helped to understand that why human being behaved and communicated in different ways to construct and negotiate a social reality. This was the process that human being used to communicate with their ideas, feelings and thoughts to another person. The interpersonal communication skills can be improved through knowledge, practice, reflection and feedback. There are several concepts that were most significant to successful communication with interpersonal relationships. The five concepts were explaining the principles and misconceptions in effective interpersonal communications, identifying the barriers to effective interpersonal interactions, recognizing how words have the power to create and affect attitudes, behaviour and perception, defining emotional intelligence and its role in effective interpersonal relationships, understanding the impact of gender and culture on interpersonal communications. These five concepts were proving the successful solution for the communication with interpersonal relationships. The interpersonal communication was also based upon these five concepts. These concepts and the roles of each concept on interpersonal communication will be explained in below. These five concepts also provided better advantages and effective skills to the interpersonal communication in order to develop them. This paper will be addressed the advantages and skills to the communication enhancement with interpersonal relationships. I. Principles and misconceptions in interpersonal communication This was the important concept in order to make the successful interpersonal communication. The four types of principles in interpersonal communication were that interpersonal communication was inescapable, interpersonal communication was irreversible, interpersonal communication was complicated, interpersonal communication was contextual. The first principle was that interpersonal communication was inescapable and in this case, the communication was not through only word but through tone of voice, gesture, posture and facial expression etc (Peter Hartley, 2002). Human being can constantly receive the communication from other in this first principle. This principle was also the basic principle of communication that referred the people was not mind readers. The second principle was that interpersonal communication was irreversible and the effect of this principle was inevitably remained. For example, once a word gone out of your mouth, you can never swallow it again. According to this statement, this principle was not reversible. The third principle was that interpersonal communication was complicated and because of variable involved, even simple requests was extremely complex. The statement proved the complex of interpersonal communication that if a message can be understood in different ways, it will be understood in just that way didnt the most harm. The fourth principle was that interpersonal communication was contextual and this referred that the communication didnt happen in isolation. The context included psychological context, relational context, situational context, environmental context and cultural context. These were the principles of interpersonal communication. Misconceptions of interpersonal communication The misconception of interpersonal was that interpersonal communication solved the problem. The misconception stated that the communication can be able to solve the problems of talking and listening. The second misconception was that interpersonal conceptions were always a good thing and this misconception states that communication was magic portion for all lifes ailments. The interpersonal communication was common sense that can make the extensive repertoire of skills for making informed choices in interpersonal relationships. Interpersonal communication was always face to face that referred the interpersonal communication had entered the face to face encounters among people in order to cultivate the interpersonal skills. II. Barriers to effective interpersonal interactions Physical barriers The physical barrier was the barrier to the effective interpersonal interactions and this barrier included the lack of interpersonal proximity to human being. This barrier to effective communication may seem obvious and their implications that should not be ignored. The immediate physical barriers can lead the lack of communication and implication of physical barriers prevented the effective communication interactions (Richard West, 2010). Emotional barriers The emotional barriers to the effective interpersonal were motivated by fear. For example, an emotional barrier was an inability to trust someone with your thoughts, feelings and ideas due to a fear of judgment from others and this barrier caused excessive fear, mistrust and nervousness to the interpersonal communication. Cultural and language barriers The cultural and language barrier was the barrier to the effective communication interactions. Every culture and the language have its own customs for interpersonal communication from how to address human being to spatial differences when speaking face to face. These differences will be the barriers to the interpersonal communication that can be caused the misunderstanding among people. These language and culture barrier also caused the negative conversation among the group of speakers. III. Recognizing the effective of words to interpersonal communication Words often influenced people for decades, delivering the courage to enhance people and the word have the capacity to building the people positively as well as negatively. The attitude, behaviour and perception of people based upon that how the word influenced them in the world for the better creation. The wrong words can be hurtful that led the negative conflicts and confusion among the people and but the rights words at the right time can make all the differences for someone. The wholesome word provided the grace in order to creating the excellent attitude, behaviour and perception of interpersonal relationships. The words can either empower the attitude, behaviour and perception of interpersonal communication and also positive words made them quit. The word create the positive statement and the statement was the group of word in order to create the better understanding to people in the case of shaping the positive attitude, behaviour and perception among interpersonal relationships. The words have the power to creating and affecting attitudes, behavior and perception in making the interpersonal communication better. The words also played a vital role in the case of influencing the communication with interpersonal communication. The word was the tool that must be considered when achieving the impact and the impact was upon the audience or listener in the interpersonal communication. The attitudes, behaviour and perception of people were based the effectiveness of words while communicating with others and because the word can make positive and negative effects among people. The familiar or the effective words can affect the attitudes, behaviour and perception of people positively. If the word was unfamiliar, then attitude, behaviour and perception affected negatively while communicating with others. It was the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with the pragmatic content and this word created the better attitude, behaviour and perception to human being while communicating with others. The communication can deliver the effectiveness of word from others and it will provide the solution to make the positive attitude, behaviour and perception. The positive statement of word can only create attitude, behaviour and perception by motivating other positively. When the words were delivered from one and the listener will observe and think about the statement (Sandra D. Collins, 2008). If the statement of words was positive, then listeners will change their attitude, behaviour and perception positively that will lead the positive effect to human being. If the words led the negative statement to the listener, then listener will act with negative attitude, behaviour and perception. This led the negative environment to the listeners. Hence the words have the power to create and affect the attitudes, behaviour and perception positively as well as negatively to human being. IV. Role of emotional intelligence to interpersonal relationships The emotional intelligence was the ability for identifying, assessing and controlling the emotions of interpersonal relationships. The emotional intelligence was usually measured by means of using the maximum performance tests and it had the stronger relationships with the traditional intelligence. This emotional intelligence also played a vital role in the case of shaping the interpersonal relationships. Building the emotional intelligence skills boosted and enriched the interpersonal relationships. The emotional intelligence controlled the negative emotions such as anger, confusion for the enhancement of interpersonal relationships. The emotional intelligence helped in the case of understanding personal motivations, feelings and needs that helped in understanding how to communicate effectively in the interpersonal relationships. It played a positive role on interpersonal relationships and because of this emotional intelligence was having the significant way to explaining the interpersonal relationships. This emotional intelligence provided the interpersonal relationships to understand the difference between the damaging and effective communication. This also allowed the opportunities for transforming the conflicts into an opportunity for building the relationships. This emotional intelligence process can manage the stress, emotions, nonverbal communications, humor and conflict resolution for enhancing the interpersonal relationship. This emotional intelligence was also the primary source of human energy, aspiration and drive, activating innermost feeling in interpersonal relationships and the prior experience and belief system enhanced relationships (Mary Barrett, 2006). This emotional intelligence included the five domains in the case of enhancing the interpersonal relationships. The five domains were contributing more to the interpersonal relationships that were self-awareness, emotional maturity, self-motivation, empathic understanding and quality communication. These domains provided the facing capability to fears, anxiety and anger and also delivered the ability to breakthrough solutions for making decisions. These domains were also used for making sensitivity feeling and concerns and managing the emotions that based upon the empathy and understanding to build the mutual trust in interpersonal relationships. V. Understanding the impact of gender and culture in interpersonal communication This was the also the concept in the case of enhancing the communication with interpersonal relationships. The gender and culture also shaped the communication with interpersonal relationships. The culture and gender were the essential part of conflict resolution and the culture and gender shaped the perceptive, attributions and ideas of interpersonal communication. The culture and gender were very powerful in the case of resolving the conflicts with interpersonal relationships. The gender made the enhancement to the enhancement of interpersonal communication by making the styles in communication. The gender can be delivered the emotions and feelings while making the communication with others and hence this will lead the positive environment among the interpersonal relationships. The cultural genders shared the race, ethnicity, nationality and these were raised from cleavages of generation, socioeconomics and sexual orientation, political and social affiliations. The gender and culture were the two factors in the case of making the general identification. The impact of gender and culture on interpersonal communication reminds human being that different cultures have different expectations. For example, eye contact, boy gestures, physical touch, and aspects of importance will be differed and this differentiation was based upon the cultures and genders. It was possible to know that the value, attitude and behaviour as well as communication styles will be differed when interacting with people. The racial and ethnic diversity in marriage also affected the interpersonal communications. The roles of gender influenced the all kinds if behaviours especially within specific cultures. The interpersonal communication in marriage was the best example and that showed the impact of gender and culture on interpersonal skills. Conclusion The concepts of interpersonal communications and the concepts of interpersonal communications were discussed and the components were detailed. The critical thoughts of this paper were examined and five significant components to the enhancement of communication with interpersonal relationships were included. The concepts and ideas of each component to the interpersonal communication or relationships were studied. The essential points of principles, barriers, emotional intelligence, and impact of gender, culture were examined and the supporting points were concluded.

life and career :: essays research papers

Life and Career The known facts of Chaucer's life are fragmentary and are based almost entirely on official records. He was born in London between 1340 and 1344, the son of John Chaucer, a vintner. In 1357 he was a page in the household of Prince Lionel, later duke of Clarence, whom he served for many years. In 1359–60 he was with the army of Edward III in France, where he was captured by the French but ransomed. By 1366 he had married Philippa Roet, who was probably the sister of John of Gaunt's third wife; she was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's queen. During the years 1370 to 1378, Chaucer was frequently employed on diplomatic missions to the Continent, visiting Italy in 1372–73 and in 1378. From 1374 on he held a number of official positions, among them comptroller of customs on furs, skins, and hides for the port of London (1374–86) and clerk of the king's works (1389–91). The official date of Chaucer's death is Oct. 25, 1400. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0857256.html Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London, the son of a successful wine merchant. After probably spending many of his childhood days in London's Vintry, his father did not send him to apprenticeship school, but rather to the aristocratic house of the countess of Ulster. There he trained as a page and learned the mannerisms and skills of the ruling class. He continued to be engaged in English politics, serving people such as King Edward III and the county of Kent. He was involved in many diplomatic assignments to Spain, France and Italy. Works by Dante, Boccaccio, and Petrarch affected much of Chaucer's writings. In addition to these famous writers, Chaucer was influenced by other French, Italian, and Latin writers as well as philosophy, comedy, religion, astrology and other sciences. Chaucer used a variety of genres, styles, tones, and subject matters in this poems and his prose. He addressed

Hero Honda Success

‘Motorcycles are a hit in rural areas' Monday, April 15, 2002 Many continue to be surprised at the ability of India ‘s 2-wheeler segment to buck the present recessionary trend in the economy. What, they ask themselves, accounts for such resilience: competitive pricing? Quality? Technology? Or, is it ready availability? Mr. Brijmohan Lall Munjal, chairman, Hero Group of Companies, addresses some of these issues in an interview with Soumya Kanti Mitra. What makes the 2-wheeler segment so impervious to demand fluctuations? A 2-wheeler is the most necessary consumer durable good owned by lower Middle, and middle class, households. There is multiple ownership of this product in such households. Firstly, there is an income effect that influences 2-wheeler demand. Per Capita GDP growth of 3. 7 per cent per annum has been pushing households up into higher income brackets. The push effect is more in lower and middle- income groups – hence the increased demand. It also links up with the higher contributions of the service sector to GDP; the income impact of that has been greater on lower income households. A second major reason is the inadequate public transport. The percentage of people who use public transport has fallen from 85 per cent to 75. Entry-level transport options like two- and three-wheelers have mostly filled this gap. They have also become a sort of necessity and thus do not show heavy fluctuations in demand. Increased demand for two-wheelers from households has also led financial institutions to increase credit in a sustained way in the last three or four years. That too has imparted stability to this item, compared to others. A good proportion of sales owes to replacement demand. Are motorcycles gaining an edge over scooters? What is your experience as a market leader? There are few fresh issues with scooters. Firstly, the technology was dated. Secondly, most were two-stroke vehicles, less fuel-efficient compared to motorcycles. The only advantage was that one could carry along a spare tyre. But motor- cycles have been preferred in rural areas for better ground clearance, larger wheels and better suspension. They can easily be used on rough roads. Scooters are preferred in urban segments. New generation vehicles with four-stroke engines may soon hit the market and that will boost the sagging scooter market. For the last two years scooters sales have been less than a million per annum. Are you, and others in the industry, planning changes in output and investment? Considering the developments in household incomes and transport requirements we believe that the average annual growth of 2-wheelers for the next three years should be of around 8-10 per cent. There is over-capacity, but investments may be made in individual instances. The demand for motorcycles, however, is expected to grow by 15-18 per cent. That should attract investments. Abroad, certain top-end models in BMW's, Honda's or Ducati's ranges have actually become ‘lifestyle' statements for executives. Do you see anything like that happening in India ? The next 2-3 years may see a small beginning with the introduction of high-end motorcycles. But the concept is too early for India . We do not have nice roads where the customer can ride such high-end bikes. With affordability not being widespread, who will manufacture to cater to such small volumes? We may see some inroads after imports get fully liberalised, but I think it is early days for that. Are exports from the sector under siege owing to the international slowdown? That could be a major factor. Also, there is over capacity in most countries in the 2- wheeler industry. Markets in Latin America and Africa are impacted, while intra- Asian trade is very competitive.

Supply Chain Management

Supply Chain Management Suitability of push and pull management philosophies in relation to the case study and the boundaries between different stages of its supply chainAdvertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several approaches are always made for the purposes of ensuring perfect mobilization of resources towards achievement of certain goals. The approaches may vary in details but at the end of it all share common ground of improving businesses like Sandwich Company. Push management could be designed to position resources at suitable places where there is anticipated need. The model results into equipped line of services based on standardized processes which could assist in delivering resources and products to right venues at anticipated times. The technology employed should specify activities that need to be administered together with the resources in order to meet anticipated demands . The push models tend to work with people passively, where the decisions affecting consumers could only be solved through central decision making (Hagel and Brown, 2005). Focus on pull management assists in the creation of foundation where people are helped in the processes of appropriate mobilization of right resources. The pull models are created as a result of increasing uncertainty within companies like the Sandwich Company. They help in improving the level of creativity applied by local participants who seeks satisfaction of immediate needs. The pull models help employees within the company to come together with innovative ideas which would help in solving the rising demand of sandwich products, this may include resources such as installation of refrigerators for the sake of perishable products. Pull models seeks no dictate on the nature of tools and resources required to accomplish tasks and address arising opportunities like supplying goods to the supermarket. Pull models te nd to treat consumers as creative entities that could be used to solve problems and create opportunities. It is applied to reinforce capability building by all consumers and employees hence assisting them towards innovation that could help them solve their needs (Hagel and Brown, 2005). With the maturity of supply chain within Sandwich Company, the demand chain is as well gaining importance and requires the organization’s appropriate responses. Sandwich products alongside services that goes with production, needs to be appealing to the consumers as well as the company’s stakeholders.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The pull model could be rightfully applied in this area so as to ensure that both customers and the firm are placed into consideration for viable outcome in production. The firm need not only to focus on the drivers within the demand c hange but also on their efficient management. This is what leads to the firms’ ultimate value chain (Hagel and Brown, 2005). The efficiency of the supply chain within Sandwich Company cannot be realised until the level of demand for the products is understood. First of all the demand chain objectives requires address in line with the company’s business strategies. This will make it easier for the employees to extensively resume the relevance of the strategies for the purposes of exploring available opportunities. Holistic approach to market opportunity analysis needs to be considered whereby; cost optimization is given priority on the side of customer expectations as well as those of stakeholders. However, the cost does not matter so much within the market since consumers are more concerned about convenience and speed. The marketers should be more involved in the process of product characteristics. The pull approach when adopted provides flexible approach towards the m anagement of the resources being used in the production process since the ingredients used seem to be perishable. This assists in mobilising assets and other resource capabilities like distributions outside the confines of the company. The pull system when applied in this business will ensure effective extension of services beyond production processes (Hagel and Brown, 2005). Sandwich Company needs to pay much attention towards services and satisfaction of consumers on their products; they need to consider issues such as complain from customers and product follow up avenues. These processes help in enhancing the Company’s image amongst consumers because of their high performance level. The Company emphasizes so much on product delivery as one of the important quality drivers. As part of pull model, Sandwich Company needs also to focus on offering good training to its employees which ultimately ensures that they are acquainted with the right knowledge enabling them to handle c urrent consumer issues. Sandwich Company requires market surveys to establish on efficiency of their services to consumers. Monitoring of delivery services should be done through some systems of evaluation such as on-time and same-day deliveries. Sandwich Company uses the final assembly time as the basis of making charges to its customers (Hagel and Brown, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sandwich Company should make crucial improvement on some customer metrics such as transportation of products and timing of delivery services, this is since these metrics contributes tremendously towards customer satisfaction. The improved performance of Sandwich Company could be attributed to positive responses received from potential consumers. The company needs to place lots of emphasis on customer views and comments towards their services. This can be done effic iently through conducting of customer surveys that makes it easier to analyze consumer tastes, preferences and expectations (Godsell et al, 2006). Customer perspective means of evaluation is very crucial towards contributing to the Company’s improvement in performance. Customer service aspect of the BSC should be utilized by Sandwich Company through the use of important measures which include; lead times, on-time delivery services, customer index and the level of consumer satisfaction. The Company determines customer satisfaction through surveys that are conducted by random selection of customers on a monthly basis and making them fill few questionnaires. Analysts from outside the Company are used to visit consumers on behalf of the firm and produces report on the consumer reactions and valid expectations they desire from the Company. Customer survey questions are constructed based on basic consumer concerns touching crucial areas such as quality, satisfaction on delivery tim e and concern on pricing methods used on the Company’s products and services (Godsell et al, 2006). The company focused on the quality, cost, performance and issues on prices at which goods and services are offered to customers. They also focused on the level of supply of goods to consumers at different locations. These companies analyze customers in relation to their potential and pay much attention to the processes through which products and services are administered to the specific customer groups. The company’s effort to evaluate the performance from the customer point of view contributed largely to the performance of the company. The processes through which they developed products are defined by quality measures, cost of production and time which contribute a lot towards customer satisfaction (Godsell et al, 2006). Response management will be required on the process of evaluating range of alternatives. This is done through first of all reviewing the amount of reso urces available and linking them to market outcomes and possible limitations. Apart from the production process, delivery of services is equally an important factor for success to be realised.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Corporate BSC was established so as to help in organizing operations within the Company. This helped in establishing customer perspective as the key contributor towards effective performance and achievement. The company puts much emphasis on the product cycle that involves transportation and kind of services delivered as some of the important metrics used within Sandwich Company. The Company focuses on supplying quality citrus products at affordable prices while still maximizing on its profit. The actions and measures taken by Sandwich Company’s are all customer-centric. The success of the Company is attributed to their market strategies on ways to deal with customers. However, the Company need to diversify its production to include other related fruit products (Godsell et al, 2006). Cycle view of supply chain operations The customer order cycle comprises of customer arrival followed by the entry of Customer’s order then Customer Order fulfillment and finally customer receiving the order. The replenishment cycle which is the category of retail order, comprises retail order trigger followed by retail order entry then fulfilling the order request and finally receiving the products. This is preceded by the manufacturing cycle which comprises the order arrival going through the production scheduling then manufacturing and shipping process then reception of the final products. Before the manufacturing process, there is the procurement cycle which involves making order of materials based on the manufacturer’s production schedule, suppliers’ precisions and also considering the various components of manufacturing before the materials are received by the manufacturer. Metrics Reliability Responsiveness Flexibility Cost Assets Perfect Order Fulfilment z Order fulfilment Cycle time z Upside Supply Chain flexibility z Upside Supply Chain Adaptability z Downside Supply Chain Adaptability z SCM Cost z Cos t of Goods Sold Z Cash-to-Cash Cycle Time z Return on Supply Chain Fixed Assets z Return on Working Capital z The use of business score card could be of prime use in this Company. Score card could be used in this Company as a management tool to motivate employees towards increasing the value of the organization giving it the ability to appeal to shareholders and rewarding of all employees with high performance level. Corporate BSC should be established so as to help in organizing operations within the Company. This could help in establishing customer perspective as the key contributor towards effective performance and achievement. The company should strive to place much emphasis on the product cycle which involves transportation and kind of services delivered as some of the important metrics used (Godsell et al, 2006). The processing time depends not only on the set up time and compatibility of other ingredients but also on the rate of flow of the raw materi als. This therefore calls for implementation of faster means of transport to cater for the need. The sequence of sandwiches at the end of processing unit should be geared towards minimizing total completion time and maximum earliness. Finished products with due dates should not be supplied since this may bring about confusion on the utilization of the available resources. Conclusion In reality the customer perspective actions and measures taken by Sandwich Company are customer-centric since all the strategies were geared towards maximizing profit per potential customer within the market. Sandwich Company ensures that customers receive their products in good shape, quality and at the right time. This could be ensured through the reduction of assembly time that also contributes to lowering of prices. The manufacturing efficiency of Sandwich Company should be improved through the use of BSC which helps in creating crucial changes within the process and human resource management. The ov erall efficiency of the processes should be improved by more than 10%. Apart from focusing on quality expectations from customers, the company should expand their concern to encompass cost of production and the nature of delivering goods. Increased income and improvement in sales are some of the indications of the level of customer satisfaction. This is since customers tend to buy more of a product when satisfied with its quality and prices. References Godsell, J. Harrison, A. Emberson, C. Storey, J. (2006). Customer responsive Supply chain strategy: An unnatural act? International Journal of Logistics, (9). Hagel, J. Brown, J. (2005). From Push to Pull Emerging models for Mobilizing Resources. Working paper, (10), 2-48.

Data Warehouse

Data Warehouse Abstract Data warehousing, as a means of organizing enterprise information in order for businesses to manage knowledge and benefit from the knowledge acquired from possible analysis, is a common business venture in most firms today. Gone are the days when one large and expensive supercomputer would be used to manage an entire organization’s data.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Data Warehouse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, various Central Processing Units (CPUs) are available and at the disposal of the IT team. The beauty of this scenario is that the CPUs can be used simultaneously to perform completely different, but related tasks that are part of the major task and thus completing the major task in record time. One of the many advantages of data warehousing is the fact that these systems become a central data source after consolidation, which is accessible to end users and information deriv ation becomes simpler if not straightforward. Consequently, this element increases the efficiency of business transactions, which eventually draws the line between the firms with business acumen and those without. However, one inherent disadvantage follows data warehousing and it involves data mining. Ideally, data mining is the final stage of data warehousing because at this point, it is possible to gather all possible types of relational information from the system and determine links and relationships that were not decipherable before. As a result, the accuracy of queries increases and business output increases. However, this case does not apply in practice due to a few hitches that attach to this process of data mining. First, after completing the process of data mining, only a few users in the entire enterprise can actually get to use the procedure due to the high level of specialization required in its application. In fact, the number presently oscillates at a maximum of five. Given this scenario, unsurprisingly most organizations do not see the point of paying very expensively for a process that would only be used by five people in the firm. Therefore, they pay peanuts. On the other hand, data-warehouse builders know that they require a lot of upfront capital and heavy investment in time resources upfront before coming up with a data-mining algorithm, which is infamous for its complexity. This aspect coupled with the fact that it is virtually impossible to predict the resourcefulness of a data mining infrastructure from the onset and thus decapitating the technician from having a sales pitch, makes a very bad case for data mining, and yet its importance cannot be overemphasized.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper looks into several such poignant features of data warehousing and close with a few recommendations as well as forecasts into the future of data warehousing. Introduction Data warehousing is a rather new term for an old concept. In fact, it emerged in the 1990s where it was initially referred to as Decision Support System or Executive Information system. The father of data warehousing is one William Inmon and a co-innovator usually lined up beside him in reviews is Ralph Kimball. Several definitions exist to befit what has come to be accepted as data warehousing in the 21st century and these include â€Å"A Data warehouse is as organized system of enterprise data derived from multiple data sources designed primarily for decision making in the organization† (Bertman, 2005, p. 12). This definition brings out the idea of a myriad of sources of data, which is especially relevant because today, most organizations have a multiple of data sources. Moreover, it is essential in the customization of data warehousing to ensure that the data-warehousing infrastructure being set up including ETL tools (Extracti on, Transformation, Transportation and Loading solutions) are compatible with all the data sources. Additionally, the definition touches on the issue of decision making as a primary focus when establishing a data-warehousing project. A second definition is slightly brief, viz. â€Å"†¦a data warehouse is a structured repository of historic data† (Kimball, Ross, Thornthwaite, Mundy, Becker, 2008, p. 32) The author of this definition adds that it is â€Å"†¦developed in an evolutionary process by integrating data from non-integrated legacy systems† (Kimball, Ross, Thornthwaite, Mundy, Becker, 2008, p. 32).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Data Warehouse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This definition is attractive for its introduction of the term â€Å"integrated†, because the main idea behind data warehousing is that the information that was previously archived in a jumble is reorganized to make sense in the form of tables and even graphs depending on the presentation format preferred by the end user. At this point, it is appropriate to introduce Inmon’s definition. As the father of data ware housing, his definition has attached a legendary thrill to data warehouse builders and other experts in the field and thus it has even been used in a devolved capacity to divide data warehousing into branches. He states, â€Å"A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time variant, and anon volatile collection of data used in strategic decision making† (Inmon, 2003, p. 34). It is important to note the usage of several definitive words that have since achieved the status of â€Å"mandatory† features of a data warehouse including subject oriented, non-volatile, time variant, and integrated. Another definition reads, â€Å"A data warehouse is an electronic storage of an organization’s historical data for the purpose of analysis a nd interpreting† (Prine, 1998, p. 54). The interesting concept introduced by this final definition is the term â€Å"historical data†, which is a very important feature of data warehouses as shall be seen in the ensuing discourse. Additionally, the tasks of analysis and interpretation mentioned by this definition are very crucial features in the business of data ware housing. The next section provides a run through the definitions of other important terms outlined within this paper. Definitions OLAP: Online Analytical Processing refers to the procedure through which multidimensional analysis occurs.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More OLTP: this term refers to a transaction system that collects business data and it is optimized for INSERT and UPDATE operations. It is highly normalized because the emphasis is on updating the system since transactions take precedence here and so the currency of the information is crucial for the relevance of the data. Data Mart: this term underscores a data structure designed for access. It is designed with the aim of enhancing end user access to information files stored in subject-order. For instance, in an organization there are numerous departments including IT, HR, Management, Finance, and Research among others. However, an organization may set up data marts on top of the hardware platform for each department, so that after data warehousing, there exists the traditional centralized data storage envisioned by the creators, but in addition to this, a next section in the architecture provides for data marts (Hackney, 2007, p. 45). These elements would in effect separate the info rmation into the relevant sub-sections based on the subject matter. ER Model: this model refers to an entry relationship model. In other words, a data modeling methodology whose aim is to normalize data by reducing redundancy. Dimensional Model: this model qualifies the data. The main goal is to improve data retrieval mechanism. It is ideal for data ware housing that is operated based on queries. A typical example would be keying in 1kg as a search term and how convoluted the results that one is likely to get would be. On the contrary, if one keys in: â€Å"1kg of soya (product) bought by Becker (customer) on 23rd November 2012 (date),† in effect, one has just introduced three dimensions- product, customer, and date. These are mutually independent and non-overlapping classifications of data (Imhoff, Galemmo, Geige, 2003, p.101). A fact underlines something that can be measured or quantified conventionally, but not always, in numerical values that can be aggregated. Star sc hema: this term refers to a technique used in data warehousing models in which one centralized fact table is used as the reference for all the dimension tables so that the keys (primary keys) from the entirety of dimension tables can flow directly into the fact table (as foreign keys of course) in which the measures are stored. The entity relationship represented diagrammatically resembles a star, hence the name. Different Types of Data Warehousing Architectures There are three main types of data warehousing architectures and these include: Data Warehouse Architecture (basic) Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area) Data Warehouse Architecture (with a staging area and a data mart) Data ware house architecture basic This structure comprises metadata, raw data, and summary data. Meta data and raw data are a classical feature of all operational systems, but the summary data makes the architecture to be a unique data warehouse material. Summaries pre-compile long operations in advance, for instance, they can grant an answer to a query on August sales (Imhoff White, 2011, p. 25). In oracle, a summary is also known as a materialized view and in term of granul-ity, it may be atomic, which is transaction oriented, lightly summarized, or highly summarized. Data Warehouse Architecture (with a Staging Area) This architectural type is relevant when there is a need to clean and process operational data before it is stored in the warehouse. This task can be done either programmatically, that is, with a program or using a staging area. A staging area simply refers to that â€Å"region of the architecture that simplifies building summaries and general warehouse management† (Jarke, Lenzerini, Vassiliou, Vassiliadis, 2003, p. 67). Data Warehouse Architecture (with a staging area and a data mart) This architecture type is ideal for the customization of a data warehouse for different groups within an organization. It adds â€Å"data marts to the staging area , where data marts are systems that are designed for a particular line of business† (Hackney, 2007, p.18). A good example is a case where a firm needs to separate inventories from sales and or purchases. At this point, it is important to introduce the concept of Business Intelligence for a better understanding of the working of database warehouses. Business intelligence covers information that is available for strategic decision making by businesses. In this setting, the data warehouse is simply the backbone or the infrastructural component (Prine, 1998, p. 39). Business intelligence includes the insight that is obtained upon the execution of a data mining analysis and other unstructured data, and this aspect explains the significance of content management systems because in an unstructured context, they organize the information logically for better analysis. When choosing a business intelligence tool, one needs to address the following considerations that advice the choice, v iz. increasing the costs, increasing the function ability, increasing the complexity of business intelligence, and decreasing the number of end users (Eliott, 2012). Interestingly, the most popular business intelligence tool is Microsoft Excel. This assertion holds due to several reasons including the fact that Ms Excel is cheap to acquire, and it is conveniently simple to use. In addition, the user does not have to worry whether the other user can decipher the information or figure out how the reports are to be interpreted (because the presentation is simple to interpret), and finally, Excel has all the functionalities that are necessary for the display of data (Barwick, 2012). Other tools include a reporting tool, which can be either custom built or commercial and it is used for the running, creation, and scheduling of operations or reports (Kimball, Ross, Thornthwaite, Mundy, Becker, 2008, p. 67). Another tool is the OLAP tool, which is a favorite amongst advanced users because it features a multidimensional perspective of findings, and finally there is the Data mining tool that is for specialized users, hence the limitation to less than five users in an entire enterprise. Overall structure The primary features of a data warehouse are better relayed in a graphical format, but this section hopes to provide a comprehensive textual explanation of the same. At the beginning end, there exists data sources, which are archived in different formats, but they are largely unorganized and very general. The idea is to get them to the other end where in an idyllic scenario they are available to end users in data marts and the users are capable of deriving this information in the form of CDs, DVDs or flash drives. In a bid to get to that end, the data has to pass through data acquisition, which refers to retrieval of information from the data sources; that is, â€Å"a set of processes and programs that extract data for the data warehouse and operational data store from the operational systems† (Imhoff, Galemmo, Geige, 2003, p. 17). At this stage, features touching on cleansing, integrating, and transformation of data stand out. Next, the data, through data delivery, is moved to the open marts and ready for harvesting. Advantages of data warehousing This process makes the data more accessible in terms of accuracy so that end users do not fumble through scores of unsorted data in order to get a response to the queries that they are seeking to answer. Consequently, it makes the process of accessing that information cheaper and more efficient. It reduces the costs of acquiring this data because the accessibility means that users do not need to spend additional resources on fruitless tasks; in addition, these resources can be expended elsewhere. Another advantage is that it increases the competitive advantage of the enterprise that integrates it into its infrastructure. The data in a data warehouse can be used in multiple scenarios including in the production of reports for log term analyses, in producing reports meant to aggregate enterprise data, and finally for producing reports that are multidimensional; for instance, a query can be lodged on the profits accrued by month, product, and branch. The information stored in a warehouse provides a basis for strategic decision-making, it is available for access, and it is consistent. Additionally, it assists in introducing an organization to the continuous changes in information within the enterprise. Finally, it helps protect the data from abusers. Disadvantages of data warehousing Data warehousing is a very costly investment, which is bound to dig into the capital pool of the enterprise that is using it. Additionally, it takes a lot of time to get the project underway and finally see it to completion and this aspect could be anywhere between two to six months. The time becomes relevant because the data-warehousing infrastructure being installed may just end up obsolete by t he time it is getting into production. The very volatile nature of business is vulnerable to this new risk because in contemporary times, even the formerly static fields like finance are susceptible to multiple changes within such a period in order to increase sales. In such a scenario, at the onset of installation, the data warehousing technique may be relevant, but at the end of the project, it may have become obsolete. It is also very worrying that colleges and other institutions are churning out new experts in data warehousing every other day and the effect that this has on the industry is horrifying because these new brains are eager to apply what they have learnt ins school, yet have not practiced and they apparently lack quality experience. Ultimately, they install data warehouses that are slow or ineffective because of sticking to ideals that may not be practical in real life scenarios. Moreover, another disadvantage is the fact that due to the efficiency of the results of d ata warehousing, organizational users may be tempted to use the data warehouse inappropriately. This scenario occurs when the data warehouse is used to replace the operational systems or reports that are normally churned out by operational systems, or in analyzing the current operational results. It is noteworthy that these two systems are not supposed to be used interchangeably; on the contrary, they should be used complimentarily. OLTP and Data Warehousing Environments Before getting to the contrasts, it is important to create a background that is relevant to this discourse. With that in mind, a data warehouse â€Å"is a relational database, which is designed for queries and analyses rather than for transaction processing† (Imhoff, Galemmo, Geige, 2003, p.111). Consequently, it is comprised of historical data as well as data from other sources or in other word, which in most cases it falls in the category of unstructured data. The surrounding environment features the follo wing components: ETL solution This component comprises the extraction, transportation loading, and transformation stages that are required for unstructured data to be cleaned and transformed into an integrated block of information. Online Analytical Processing Engine (OLAP) This component underscores the reporting and analyzing system that processes business data. It is deliberately de-normalized in order to ensure fast data retrieval. As a result, instead of the update and insert features that are commonplace for OLTP, this system features SELECT operations that are ideal for queries (Jarke, Lenzerini, Vassiliou, Vassiliadis, 2003, p. 54). A good example would be in a department store scenario where at the Point-of-Sale, which is at the cashier’s stand where he or she looks at the price list that he or she has and deducts money from customers’ credit cards; therefore, this aspect amounts to a transaction and so OLAP is not in play (Hackney, 2007, p. 39). However, if the store manager were to require a list of out-of-stock products, he would turn to the OLAP operation to retrieve that data. Client analysis tools Other tools that are used in the management of the gathering of data and the consequent delivery to business users After landscaped the environs of a data warehouse to this end, it is important to look into the founding father’s perspective, as it shall form the basis of the contrast between OLTP and Data Warehousing Environments. As per William Inmon’s definition of warehouses mentioned above, four distinguishing features come to mind: Subject oriented During operation, where operation refers to data analysis, it is possible for the data warehouse to be programmed to act based on a particular subject, for example, sale of Ferraris. In this line of thought, it is thus possible to arrive at the best customer for Ferraris in June 2012. This aspect is known as subject orientation. Integrated This feature is in reference to an organization and so it is safe to say that it is an organizational feature. At this point, it is apparent that in an organizational context, there exist various sources of data. The cumulative effect of this aspect is that the bulk of the data will be disparate and inconsistent and thus the job of ensuring that this data goes through consolidation and alignment into a sensible platform belongs to the data warehouse (Bertman, 2005, p. 41). In the course of executing this task, various challenges are expected to emerge. These challenges should meet resolution and if the data warehouse is capable of getting to such a state where they are resolved, it qualifies as an integrated data warehouse. Time variant The idea behind data warehousing is to carry out an analysis that spans a given period and the width of its scope may be infinite. This aspect explains why data warehouses contain historical data ranging back years or decades. This element is very different from Online Transaction Pro cessing (OLTP) systems, which store historical data in archives to give room for current data. On the contrary, data warehousing analysts need a large data bundles in order to glean change over time, which underscore the concept of time variance. Non volatile This feature is in reference to the stability or performance of data once it has been loaded into the data warehouse. The data warehouse should have the ability to maintain the information in the state that it was entered initially. There should not be any deletions or other alteration or else the whole information would be jumbled and inaccurate to use in the analysis of business intelligence. Contrast between OLTP and Data Warehousing Environments Workload Data warehouses accommodate ad hoc queries, which is to say that the queries they deal with are random and unexpected. The ideal system should have the capacity to perform well in a wide array of possible questions in various categories. On the other hand, OLTP systems rely on the pre definition of key concepts. It follows that applications should be specifically tuned or designed for preset applications. Data modifications Data warehouses feature a regular update of the system through the ETL process (offering extraction, transportation, transformation, and loading solutions). The same is set to run nightly or weekly depending on organizational preferences. In a bid to accomplish this goal, the enterprise employs bulk-data-modification-techniques. However, the end users do not individually update the data warehouse. On the contrary, in OLTP systems, â€Å"the end users are responsible for system updates and they do this by way of routinely issuing individual modification statements to the database warehouse; consequently, the database is always up to date† (Reddy, Rao, Srinivasu, Rikkula, 2010, p.2869). Schema design Data warehouses â€Å"use fully or partially de-normalized schemas such as the star schema for optimal query performance† (Reddy, Rao, Srinivasu, Rikkula, 2010, p.2870). On the other hand, OLTP systems use normalized schemas for optimum updates with insert and delete functionalities and data consistency because they are transactional and the accuracy of current information is very critical. Typical operations For data warehouses, the typical operation is querying. They need the capacity to scan thousands or even millions of rows simultaneously to come up with the required search result load. A good example of such a demanding query is one that is in search: for instance, finding the total sales for all the cashiers for the last month. On the other hand, OLTP systems have a lighter burden to contend with in terms of the requirements of bulk. A transactional operation scans only a handful of records at a go. For instance, retrieve the current price for this customer’s order. Historical data Due to the nature and the intended use of data warehouses, it is relevant for them to store up to decades of information in a region that is easily accessible when queries are executed. Such a structure is ideal for historical analyses. On contrary, OLTP systems are just the opposite. They store up data for at most a few weeks or months and only retain historical data as is relevant for the current transaction. Moreover, this additional historical data is stored up in archives and a special retrieval process is necessary when it becomes relevant or necessary. Hardware and I/O Considerations in Data Warehouses Scalability It is important to ensure that the data warehouse grows as the data storage grows. In a bid to warrant this element, it would be wise to choose the RDBMS and hardware platforms that are adequately structured to handle large volumes of data with the most efficacies (Kimball, Reeves, Ross, Thornthwaite, 1998, p. 90). However, this move may be a difficult task to embark on in advance when it is still not apparent what amount of data shall be stored in the data warehouse in its maturity. This realization explains why it is also advisable to approximate the amount and use it as a basis in setting up the data warehouse. Parallel Processing Support It is necessary to refrain from using one CPU as the main processor and instead use multiple CPUs each performing a related part of the task separately but simultaneously (South, 2012, p. 67). RDBMS – Hardware combination This move becomes relevant because of the physical location of the RDBMs as it is strategically placed on top of the hardware platform and this aspect may bring issues with bugs and bugs fixing (Kimball Ross, 2002, p. 26). Ebay database warehouse (structure) Oliver Ratzesberger and his team in eBay are responsible for two of the world’s larges t data warehouses. The Greenplum data warehouse that is fully equipped with a data mart is comprised of 6.5 petabytes of user data, which translates to more than 17 trillion records, and â€Å"each day, an additional 150 billion new re cords are added and this amounts to 100 days of event data (Dignan, 2010, Para.12). The ultimate goal is to reach 90-180 days of event data. The working speed of these metrics is an impressive 200 MB/node/sec of I/O. This rate further improves due to a minimized number of concurrent end users. The second data warehouse is â€Å"a teradata warehouse with two (2) petabytes of user data, which is fed by tens of thousands of production databases† (Miller, Monash, 2009, Para.6). Its speed is 140 GB/sec of I/O, or 2 GB/node/sec. By aiming at resource partitions, eBay metrics rely on the workload management software to deliver on numerous Service –Level Agreements (SLA) simultaneously. Conclusion This paper has addressed the topic of data warehousing exhaustively. It has touched on the system’s definitions, characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, contrasts with OLTP and even hardware considerations. Finally, it has concluded by looking into eBay’s data w arehousing, which is the idyllic system that most organizations throughout the globe envy and would be wise to learn from. References Barwick, H. (2012). Security, Business Iintelligence critical for Australian CIOs in 2013:  Telstyle. Retrieved from http://computerworld.co.nz/news.nsf/security/security-bi-critical-for-australian-cios-in-2013-telsyte Bertman, J. (2005). Dispelling Myths and Creating Legends: Database Intelligence  Ã‚  Groups. Retrieved from scribd.com/doc/35922990/Dispelling-Myths Dignan, L. (2010). eBays Teradata implementation headed to 20 petabytes. Retrieved from zdnet.com/blog/btl/ebays-teradata-implementation-headed-to-20-petabytes/40082 Eliott, T. (2012). Rethinking Business Intelligence: 3 Big New Old Ideas. Retrieved from http://smartdatacollective.com/timoelliott/86496/rethinking-bi-3-big-new-old-ideas Hackney, D. (2007). Picking a Data Mart Tool. Retrieved from egltd.com/dmrarchive/1997-10.pdf Imhoff, C., Galemmo, N., Geiger, J. (2003). Mastering Dat a Warehouse Design :  Relational and Dimensional Technique. Indianapolis, IN: Oxford University Press. Imhoff, C., White, C. (2011). Self-Service Business Intelligence Empowering Users to  Generate Insights. Retrieved from sas.com/resources/asset/TDWI_BestPractices.pdf Inmon, W. (2005). Building the Data Warehouse. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Jarke, M., Lenzerini, M., Vassiliou, Y., Vassiliadis, P. (2003). Fundamentals of Data  Warehousing (2nd edn.). New York, NY: Springer. Kimball, R., Reeves, L., Ross, M., Thornthwaite, W. (1998). Data Warehouse  Lifecycle Toolkit: Expert methods for Designing, Developing, and Deploying Data  Warehouses. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Kimball, R., Ross, M. (2002). The Data Warehouse Toolkit: The Complete Guide to  Dimensional Modeling (2nd edn.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Kimball, R., Ross, M., Thornthwaite, W., Mundy, J., Becker, B. (2008). Data  Warehouse Toolkit: Practical Techniques for Building Data warehouse and Business Intelligen ce Systems (2nd edn.). Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Miller, R., Monash, C. (2009). eBay’s two enormous data warehouses. Retrieved from dbms2.com/2009/04/30/ebays-two-enormous-data-warehouses/. Prine, G. (1998). Coherent Data Warehouse Initiative. London, UK: Unisys Presentations. Reddy, S., Rao, M., Srinivasu, R., Rikkula, S. (2010). Data Warehousing, Data Mining, OLAP and OLTP Technologies are Essential Elements to Support Decision-Making Process in Industries. International Journal of Computer Science and Engineering, 2(9), 2865-73. South, G. (2012). Small business: Savings lead to a Stellar business. New Zealand  Herald , 67.